Chiropractic

Three forces were involved: (1) deference to medical science collapsed; (2) reforms within chiropractic education; and (3) growing interest in alternative medicine among orthodox scientists (e.g., in psychoimmunology). This included new clinical research methodologies, such as nonexperimental research approaches to the efficacy of medical interventions that “allowed clinical researchers to address the efficacy of therapeutic interventions without making assumptions about the theory behind the therapy” (S. Martin, 223).