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Muslim-Persian physician Avicenna complete Canon Medicinae (The Canon of Medicine) in five volumes. It was translated into Latin in Toledo in 12th entury and was standard text for teaching medicine in European universities through the 18th century (Siraisi, 19-40). Although Galen is cited respectfully and appreciatively ca. 300 times in the Canon, he challenges Galen’s philsophy of medicine and rejects his view regarding the physiology of pain and of the pulse, the same nature of tendons and nerves, and the separation of mind and body. Avicenna, through critical thinking, observation, and testing, revised and systematized medical thinking, which is why Europeans considered him as the most prominent physician of the Islamic Golden Age (Sadeghi, et al.).