1130

Demise of monastic-based medicine at Council of Clermont: Monks no longer permitted to practice general medicine or civil law. At Council of Tours in 1133: Ecclesia abhorret a sanguine (“the Church abhors the shedding of blood”) Then in 1215, Pope Innocent III proclaims: “No cleric is to be put in command of cavalry, archers, or others of the same kind who shed blood, nor are subdeacons, deacons, or priests to exercise that part of surgery involving catheterization and incision” (Rutkow, ch 3).