1843

Gabriel Andral publishes Pathological Hematology, charting abnormal variations of blood’s constituents during disease via chemical reactions and microscopic analysis.  He determined proportions of blood’s elements to each other and constructed a numerical portrait of blood’s appearance.  Alfred Becquerel’s did the same for urine in 1841, estimating the quantity of water, urea, uric acid, lactic acid, albumin, and inorganic salts (Reiser, 129-32).