1849

Worthington Hooker publishes the only 19th c. monography by an American on medical ethics.  He discussed the natural influence of the mind on disease, esp. the role of hope in treatment:  “The care of the body therefore should always be accompanied should be neither a groundless optimism nor, as it had been in the past, a manipulative effort to deceive the patient.  Precisely in this way, the hope ministered by the physician differed from that exerted by the quack” (Lavi, 52-53).