1857

Abraham Jacobi and colleagues establish the German Dispensary of the City of New York in the Kleindeutschland district on Manhattan’s lower east side.  There Jacobi implemented his Virchowian ideology (= all children enter world as physiological equals) and developed pediatric medicine (Bittel, 159-61).  Elizabeth Blackwell, aided by sister Emily and Marie Zakrezewska, open New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, staffed solely by women and supported by Florence Nightingale, Henry Ward Beecher, and Horace Greeley (Nimura, 196-203).  Zakrezewska was resident physician and ran the place, with Emily performing the surgery.