1869

Claude Bernard administers hypodermic injection of morphine as basal narcotic prior to administration of ether or chloroform by inhalation (Fulop-Miller, 355). Lister accepts professorship of surgery at Edinburgh (Truax, 141ff.). WMC students jeered and harassed (“blackguarded”) on first attendance at clinical lectures at Pennsylvania Hospital; jeering became a riot when, during the surgery lecture of the second hour, a male patient was briefly exposed (Peitzman, 33-38; Wells, 193-200). “The jeering incident is also, I would argue, a demonstration of the place of women in the visual economy of medicine and of the disruption of that economy that women physicians effected” (Wells, 199). Charles W. Eliot becomes president of Harvard (which post he held for 50 years), with reorganization and ample endowment of the medical school the first of his nine points(Fye, 98ff; Aub & Hapgood, 140-144).