1871

Mary Putnam Jacobi receives her medical degree from the École de Médicin in Paris and returns to U.S., where she accepts chair of materia medica at Woman’s Medical College of the NY Infirmary and is elected to NY County Medical Society (five months after Emily Blackwell) (Warner, 326-27; Wells, 166-67). Henry Bowditch returns from Carl Ludwig’s Physiological Institute in Leipzig and initiates Harvard’s program in experimental (laboratory) physiology as an aspect of the reform of medical education instituted by Charles Eliot (Fye, 110ff.; Aub & Hapgood, 142, 148; Borell, 296-297). Wm. James was Bowditch’s paid assistant from 1871 to 1874 (Fye, 115). At Harvard, medical training lengthened to three years with academic year of nine months, with a fully graded curriculum and tougher examinations (Corner, 142). Through efforts of Wm. Stokes, University of Dublin established the Diploma in State Medicine (i.e., preventive medicine) (Stokes, 169-73).