1876

Max Nitze’s development of cystoscope, initially lit by heating a platinum loop with galvanic current, improved via use of 4-sided prism by Young (Young, 86-91). Gotthard Bülau of Hamburg introduces subaqueous drainage of chest (pleural cavity) (Richardson, 26-27). Italian Eduardo Porro introduces “Porro’s operation” (Caesarean section followed by hysterectomy) in response to surgeons’ dissatisfaction with mortality attendant to Caesarean sections (Shepherd 168-69). Opening of Johns Hopkins University in fall, with inaugural addressed given by Thomas Huxley (Fye, 138ff.)