1877

Listerism “wholeheartedly adopted” by surgical staff of NY Woman’s Hospital (Marr, 135-137). August Bernays, returning to St. Louis, “one of the most insistent and effective pioneers of asepsis” (Bernays, 106). Under leadership of Wm. Pepper, Jr., reforms take effect at University of Pennsylvania: 3 terms of five months each; graded curriculum; expenses of medical school borne by University Board of Trustees; professors placed on fixed salaries (Corner, 146-53). U.S. Army makes antiseptic surgery part of its official military medical practice (Gabriel, 139).