1878

Publication of Koch’s monograph on bacteriology of sepsis (wound infection), Aetiology of Traumatic Infective Diseases, incorporating three advances: staining of bacteria in diseased tissues with aniline dyes; introduction of Abbe condenser; and first use of Zeiss oil-immersion lens (Brock, 75-81). Worst epidemic in U.S. history set off in New Orleans (Cohn, 99ff.). Establishment of first Institute of Hygiene by Max von Pettenkofer at University of Munich (Brock, 183). Billings delivers 20 lectures on medical education, espousing the research ethic, in Baltimore (Fye, 148-150).