1892

Opening of Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta; it had “carefully constructed and physically separate sections for white and African American patients” (D’Antonio, 109). Its training school for (white) Nurses opened in 1898; by 1914 a separate program to train black nurses began under Ludie Andrews: “But it came only after careful negotiations ensured that Grady’s African American graduates would never be confused with its white ones. African American-trained students and graduate nurses would wear different uniforms, caps, and pins signifying their association, not with Grady Hospital per se, but with the newly chartered and separately titled ‘Municipal Training School for Colored Nurses’” (114). . . . White nurses were advantaged in that they held the privilege of race. They constructed meanings around racialized nursing identities by looking inward to the norms of their own local communities. African American nurses, by contrast, had to look outward to the experiences of other professional friends in Georgia and more national networks outside the state . . . Their struggle against the privileges of white supremacy lasted longer than those in any other state. The Georgia State Nurses Association was the last state association to officially desegregate. It did so in 1961 only after the American Nurses Association threatened to expel Georgia from the national organization if it failed to do so” (130).