1893

Opening of Johns Hopkins medical school, following $350k from Mary Garrett, daughter of president of Baltimore & Ohio RR, on condition of admission of women. This brought the total raised by the Women’s Fund Committee to $500,000, which is what the university required to fund the medical school (Imber, 184-186). First class of 18 included 3 women. Per Garrett’s stipulations, first U.S. school to require a bachelor’s degree for admission and to require working knowledge of French and German and college biology, chemistry, and physics (M-S, 85-87; Imber, 186-88); and to use the term “resident” for sustained specialty training (Stevens, 121). Lewellys Barker and Tom Cullen, following internships at Toronto General, begin Hopkins internships under Osler and Kelly (Robinson, 72ff.). Beginning of battles, esp. in NYC, between ophthalmologists (“medical oculists”) and optometrists (“refracting opticians”) (Stevens, 103ff.).