1895

Crile develops the carotid clamp, whose modification permitted first bloodless operation on head and neck by temporary closure of both carotid arteries in 1897 (Crile I, 63). Alfred Kirstein’s (Berlin) invention of laryngoscope (Richardson, 86-87). McLean Asylum relocates to Belmont, MA; new asylum designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, with separate buildings linked by underground tunnels (Beam, 30-33). Vatican issues ruling against medical abortion (craniotomy) (J. Ryan, 491-92).