1900

First sales catalog of Harvard Physiological Apparatus instruments (kymograph, inductorium) designed by Harvard’s William Townsend Porter as precision teaching apparatus for beginning students of physiology; in 1904, Harvard requested removal of manufacturing from university property and the Harvard Apparatus Company became an independent company (Borell, 301-305). “When Porter began the production of inexpensive precision instrumentation for use by large numbers of students and placed primary emphasis on experiment in physiological teaching, the supporting pedagogical arguments were already in place. . . . Porter’s initiative rapidly secured physiology’s place as an independent experimental science in American universities” (305).