1902

Publication of Meige & Feindel’s Les Tics et leur Traitement, the standard for diagnosis and treatment of motor and vocal tics until the 1960s: a psychopathology of tic disorder that meshed with eugenics (tics as result of degenerative inheritance and hereditary weakness of will leading to infantile fixations) and segued into Freudian explanations of early childhood sexual repressive conflicts (Kushner, 48-49).