1908

Founding of National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN), partly to combat system of dual state registration in southern states (Hine, 94-95). It was founded by 52 nurses who gathered at St. Mark’s Methodist Church in Midtown Manhattan and elected Minerva Franklin as president (Smilios, loc. 805-815). It only became viable in mid-30s with support of Frances Bolton (Cleveland), Julius Rosenwald Fund, and GED, which funded recruiting campaigns and networking (NAACP, National Urban League; NCNW) of Estelle Riddle and Mabel Staupers, its first two leaders (Hine, 117ff.).