1909

Publication by Rowntree & Geraghty of Hopkins of phthalein test (purple dye) to determine condition of kidneys: excreted promptly by healthy kidney but much slower and in reduced quantity in diseased kidney (Crowe, 123). Publication of Kelly’s and Cullen’s Myomata of the Uterus, which Cullen alone wrote and which Kelly never saw until it was published (Robinson, 199ff.). Alexander Fleming qualifies as a surgeon, albeit one who never performed an operation (Wainwright, 159-60).