1913

founding of American College of Surgeons, chartered in Illinois, of which Franklin Martin was the first Clinical Director and J.M.T. Finney the first president (Martin, 313, 316; Finney, 132-136; Crile, I, 232-37; Stevens, 85-92). It was dogged by indecision regarding “standardization” versus “elitism” (Stevens, 86-87, 161-63, but its success was assured via its battle against fee splitting (Stevens, 91; Martin, 320, 322-24). General Education Board of Rockefeller Foundation gives Johns Hopkins $1.5 million (the “Welch Fund”) to establish the “whole-time plan” to place clinical depts. on a “full-time” or “true university” basis – opposed by Osler (then at Oxford) and Kelly, who threatened to resign (Barker, 188-90; Davis, 100-102; Aub & Hapgood, 123). Barker’s financial obligations make it impossible for him to accept on salaried basis; he is replaced by Theodore Janeway in 1914 (Barker, 190-206).