1914

Formation of National Twilight Sleep Assn. in U.S., dedicated to use of twilight sleep (morphine and scopolamine) as developed in Germany by Krönig and Gauss several years earlier (Caton, 132-151). Crile claimed to be using small doses of scopolamine and morphine and atropine, along with nitrous oxide-oxygen analgesia, 1 to 1.5 hours prior to operations, in 1908 (Crile, I, 198).