1917

Wagner-Jauregg begins using malaria as fever therapy in syphilitic patients with paresis (first American patient receives the treatment in 1922) (Parascandola II, , 17). After studying venereal disease in British and French armies, Young develops venereal disease program for A.E.F. in France, using French drug novarsenobenzol, a modification of Salvarsan, less toxic than Salvarsan. In Karl Landsteiner’s two papers on cross-reactions of antibodies and artificial haptens “we can almost hear the death knell of Ehrlich’s side-chain theory of antibody formation” (Silverstein, 108-109).