1933-34

Following “gold rush” atmosphere of university-industry collaboration in 20s (e.g., re insulin and vitamin D), “The entrepreneurial atmosphere eventually generated a backlash: in 1933 Johns Hopkins emulated Harvard in formulating a policy prohibiting the patenting of medical inventions by faculty, and in 1934 the University of Pennsylvania followed suit . . . Plainly, it was perceived by some leaders of medicine at Penn that drug firms used academic research in advertising to an extent that could threaten the reputation of collaborating scientists and their universities, and that drug firms sometimes meddled with the publication of results from sponsored research (Marks II, 56, 57). . . . The major ethical firms made science into a commercial ally. Just as they learned to obtain new products by collaborating with leading academic biochemists and physiologists, they learned to engage skilled clinical researchers in order to provide high-quality scientific evidence of therapeutic efficacy and safety as required” (78).