1936

In Sex and Personality: Studies in Masculinity and Femininity, Terman and Miles developed the “M-F Test” (“Masculine-Feminine Test”) to help make more “objective measurements of individual adherence to masculine and feminine norms. “In the 1940s, ‘normal male’ behavior involved an expectation about assertiveness and power, while ‘normal female’ behavior meant softness and accommodation to others. Psychiatric patients did not necessarily fit these expectations, and their deviation from the expectation was both explained by and appeared to be a cause of their mental illness” (Hirshbein III, 162).