1938

London surgeon Philip Wiles performs first, albeit unsuccessful, total hip replacement, using stainless steel components that were attached to the bone with bolts and screws.  While the artificial joint worked well in the short-term, it was a long-term failure, as the screws and bolts came loose and the implant was subject to wear. Successful hip replacements awaited the 1960s, when Sir John Charnley introduced “low-friction arthroplasty” using acrylic cement for fixation (Learmouth, et al.).