1943

NY and MA the only states where immigrant physicians fleeing Nazis (viz, German Jews) could take licensing examination; otherwise they had to become citizens, which took five years. “Infrastructure of bigotry” of many southern and Midwestern states results in some of the toughest entry specifications. Until 1945, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Idaho “appeared to be leading the other states, not excluding New York, in an exercise of xenophobic execration” (Kater, 211)