1956

Alice Stewart’s (Oxford epidemiologist) publication of impact of fetal exposure to X-rays with deaths of children under 10 from leukemia or malignancies, led to use of ultrasonography in the clinic (Kevles, 230, 245). Introduction of orally administered tolbutamide for adult-onset diabetes (Marks, 203). Cooley and DeBakey completes nearly 100 open-heart operations using the DeWall-Lillehei oxygenator (Miller, 181).