1960

Value of external cardiac massage established by Wm. Kouwenhoven of Johns Hopkins (Richardson, 58-59). Lillehei performs 1,000th open heart operation (Miller, 197). Shumway and Lower present paper on transplantation of dog hearts to American College of Surgeons (Miller, 208). Robert Egan (Houston) revolutionized diagnosis of breast cancer by adapting high-resolution industrial film to a mammographic technique (Kevles, 253). A. Govaets discovers hitherto unknown type of lymphocyte --- a cytotoxic killer lymphocyte (killer T-cells) that exerts its effect differently from all other lymphocytes: it has to get close to its target and actually make contact with it in order to kill it. Its major targets are viruses and “foreign” major histocompatibility complex antigens (as in a mismatched skin graft or organ transplant) (Desowitz, 103-104).