1990-2023

Human Genome Project, with $3 billion funding by U.S. Department of Energy and the NIH, maps the human genome, relying on an automated, high-throughput version of the Sanger sequencer. The first draft of the sequenced human genome (albeit with gaps) announced by President Bill Clinton in June 2000, with publication following in February 2001. Final high-accuracy sequence published in April 2003. The project, which cost over 3 billion dollars, was facilitated, inter alia, by new technology that allowed researchers to clone large chunks of human DNA in yeast (14-15, Doudna & Sternberg, 14-15).