1991

Philip Green and his team at Stanford Research Institute assemble first working model of a telepresence surgery system, which they licensed to Intuitive Surgical, Inc. in 1995. The latter firm added EndoWrist and “improved the three-dimensional video imaging, navigation, and registration of the video image to the spatial frame in which the robot operates.” A haptic (touch, tactile) interface was added to the system by Kenneth Salisbury of MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Lenoir, 30-31).